Laparoscopic surgery, or “keyhole surgery,” is a minimally invasive technique performed using a telescope-like instrument (laparoscope) through small incisions (0.5–1.5 cm). It offers faster recovery, less pain, minimal scarring, and shorter hospital stays compared to open surgery. How It Works: Small Incisions: Multiple tiny cuts replace a large incision. Laparoscope: A thin tube with a light and camera gives a magnified view of the internal organs. Surgical Tools: Specialized instruments are inserted through trocars. Gas Insufflation: The abdomen is inflated with CO₂ to create space for better visibility. Common Procedures: Gynecology: Hysterectomy, ovarian cyst removal, tubal ligation Gastrointestinal: Gallbladder and appendix removal, colectomy Urology: Kidney or prostate surgery General Surgery: Hernia repair, splenectomy Bariatric Surgery: Gastric bypass for weight loss Benefits: Minimal scarring Less pain and bleeding Quick recovery Lower infection risk Laparoscopic surgery requires expert training and is now widely used due to its safety and patient-friendly outcomes.

Cancer is a group of diseases marked by uncontrolled cell growth, which can form tumors and disrupt normal body functions. It can affect nearly any organ and be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Key Points: Causes: Triggered by genetic mutations from inherited traits or exposure to factors like tobacco, UV rays, chemicals, or infections. Types: Includes breast, lung, colon, prostate, leukemia, and more—named by the organ where it starts. Stages: Ranges from Stage 0 (localized) to Stage IV (advanced spread), guiding treatment and prognosis. Treatment: Options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies—often used in combination. Prevention: Healthy habits—avoiding tobacco, eating well, exercising, sun protection, and vaccinations—can lower risk. Screening: Early detection through tests like mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap smears improves outcomes. Advances: Research in genetics and personalized medicine is transforming cancer care with more precise, tailored treatments. Cancer remains a global health challenge, but progress continues through early detection, innovative therapies, and collaborative care.