Cardiology is the medical specialty focused on diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Cardiologists manage conditions like heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and hypertension. Main Branches of Cardiology: Clinical Cardiology: Uses non-invasive tests (ECG, echo, stress tests) to diagnose and treat heart conditions. Interventional Cardiology: Performs procedures like angioplasty and stenting to treat blocked arteries. Electrophysiology: Manages irregular heartbeats using techniques like ablation. Heart Failure & Transplant Cardiology: Treats advanced heart failure and evaluates transplant needs. Preventive Cardiology: Focuses on heart disease prevention through lifestyle changes and risk factor control. Cardiologists collaborate with surgeons, radiologists, and primary doctors to provide holistic heart care. Early detection and prevention are key to maintaining heart health.

Cancer is a group of diseases marked by uncontrolled cell growth, which can form tumors and disrupt normal body functions. It can affect nearly any organ and be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Key Points: Causes: Triggered by genetic mutations from inherited traits or exposure to factors like tobacco, UV rays, chemicals, or infections. Types: Includes breast, lung, colon, prostate, leukemia, and more—named by the organ where it starts. Stages: Ranges from Stage 0 (localized) to Stage IV (advanced spread), guiding treatment and prognosis. Treatment: Options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies—often used in combination. Prevention: Healthy habits—avoiding tobacco, eating well, exercising, sun protection, and vaccinations—can lower risk. Screening: Early detection through tests like mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap smears improves outcomes. Advances: Research in genetics and personalized medicine is transforming cancer care with more precise, tailored treatments. Cancer remains a global health challenge, but progress continues through early detection, innovative therapies, and collaborative care.

Spine surgery treats conditions affecting the spine, including discs, vertebrae, and nerves. It’s performed to relieve pain, correct deformities, or restore stability. Common Procedures: Discectomy – Removes damaged disc material Spinal Fusion – Fuses vertebrae for stability Laminectomy – Relieves nerve pressure Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty – Stabilizes spinal fractures Indications: Herniated discs Spinal stenosis Scoliosis/deformities Fractures or spinal tumors Key Points: Can be done by orthopedic or neurosurgeons Minimally invasive options may reduce recovery time Rehab is essential for full recovery and mobility restoration